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Miodrag Šajatović: Strengthening of the Dollar – An Expected Missed Opportunity for Croatian Savers

This should have been 'Ekonomalije' about the unutilized opportunity for savers in Croatia to at least partially protect themselves from the devaluation of deposits due to ten percent inflation. They only needed to change the currency structure of their savings, in accordance with a folk custom that has lasted for at least half a century. Euros and kunas should have been converted into US dollars a few months ago. It was very likely that the dollar would strengthen against the euro. And it has strengthened by about ten percent. Even with unfavorable bank spreads on the selling and buying rates of the dollar, those who restructured their savings in currency could have lost only two to three percent of their savings in kunas or euros instead of a ten percent real loss.

When it became clear that the number of those seeking refuge in the dollar remained very low (of 81 billion kunas in deposits in May, only 5.1 percent was in dollars), the topic took on a second dimension. The public's awareness that the USA is still, no matter how much China presses, in many ways the strongest economic power in the world is actually low in Croatia. This fits into the ignoring of the dollar. If 90 percent of Croatian citizens had marks or euros in their hands, it is very likely that 90 percent have never held a dollar bill.

Numbers Deceive

Similarly, 90 percent of politicians and members of the academic community have not contemplated, and consequently have not put on paper, what relations with the largest economic power in the democratic world should be. In Croatia, both the opportunities and dangers of economic relations with the USA are underestimated.

America is a minor foreign trade partner when it comes to goods. For example, in 2020, exports of goods to the USA were at the level of two billion kunas, while imports were one billion kunas. But this conceals the real state of affairs. The dependence is far greater than what appears from the data on foreign trade exchange.

The USA, for example, in the 1980s with its monetary policy aimed at reducing inflation was the trigger for the debt crisis in Yugoslavia (remembered for shortages of derivatives, coffee, bananas…). The Yugoslav (including Croatian) foreign debt was in dollars, while exports were mostly to markets of European currencies. In 1981, the real interest rate on the dollar rose in just a few months from one to over eight percent. At the same time, the dollar's growth against European currencies amounted to an incredible 80 percent. This undermined the local foreign exchange solvency and caused an irreversible loss of developmental momentum.

Current moves by the American FED, which is trying to curb inflation with similar instruments (which America itself initiated with insane dollar emissions in recent years), may not cause a shock in Europe and Croatia as it did 40 years ago, but it is already showing that there are tectonic changes. The good news is that today foreign exchange reserves are high, with entry into the eurozone quick assistance is possible, and, which is very important, in the structure of total public debt, dollars make up 0.06 percent.

If there are safeguards in place, the strengthening of the dollar, which has reached parity with the euro, painfully affects the Croatian economy and its consumers in another way. The vast majority of raw materials and important goods (oil, grains, metals…) are price-linked to the dollar. So oil may decrease by a percentage in dollars, but if the dollar exchange rate rises, we who must exchange euros for dollars are again under cost pressure.

Disinterested Quasi-Elites

The USA has determined Croatia's fate in many ways. The unfortunate transition was carried out according to a model outlined in the Washington Consensus (privatize, liberalize, deregulate…). Formally, this is a document of the International Monetary Fund, but its main shareholder is the USA. Symbolically, the IMF headquarters is just a few blocks from the White House and the US Department of the Treasury.

The USA skillfully, without serious direct investments in Croatia, easily achieves its economic and political interests here. An example is the pressure on the Croatian government to expand the LNG terminal on Krk. 'Coincidentally', shortly after its completion, the war in Ukraine occurred, and American liquefied gas appears as a savior in conditions of reduced deliveries from Russia. Perhaps it is not a coincidence after all.

Croatia's negotiating positions are certainly not large. But there is maneuvering space. Someone from the government and the academic community just needs to articulate it. When relations with America are below the radar for local quasi-elites (with exceptions), it is not surprising that savers who do not exchange euros for dollars, as the saying goes, are blind to the healthy eyes.