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Kristina Beljan: The health condition of obese individuals can improve with a loss of 5-10 percent of body weight

After we published the article 'There is no vaccine against the obesity pandemic' two weeks ago, which involved several experts, there remains unpublished material that we could not include in the text due to limited space. Today we will publish the response of nutritionist Kristina Beljan, owner of the Nutrissimi business.

The more we fight against obesity, the more obese people there are in the world, so we asked Beljan if it is possible that the strategy in this fight has had the opposite effect of what was desired. Beljan responds that we must understand how obesity arises in order to fight against it. She continues by stating that many factors influence the development of obesity, some of which we all know well – diet and physical activity. However, there are also other factors that are less mentioned: environment and living conditions, socioeconomic status, genetics, health status, medication use, stress, emotions, and sleep quality.

Every weight loss season (after New Year and before summer), we can see more and more advertisements for various diets that give people with extra weight new hope that something will change in their lives. These advertisements often assure that a person who loses weight will have greater self-confidence and be happier. However, these feelings are only temporary, and often do not even occur because self-confidence and happiness do not come from external appearance, but from within.

When we see how much is written daily about 'how to have the perfect figure', it is not surprising that going on a diet has become socially acceptable. Every spring, advertisements appear with phrases: 'Lose excess weight effortlessly forever!' Regardless of whether losing weight is easy or hard, dieting is not a long-term solution. Many people who have been on a diet at least once have experienced the yo-yo effect. With the yo-yo effect, after each diet, the lost kilograms eventually return, along with an additional 10 percent of extra weight. Why does this happen? We have not always lived in a civilization, nor have we always had an abundance of food as we do today. Evolutionarily, we have developed mechanisms that help us survive, and we survive by our bodies carefully expending energy and recognizing (even potential) food scarcity. Every time there is a food shortage (in modern times, this is a diet), our body slows down metabolism and the mechanisms in the body to conserve energy. When the crisis passes, the body will try to store as much energy as possible in fat tissue to compensate for what was lost and will create slightly larger reserves for any future crisis. Also, after a food shortage (diet), appetite will be greater. In this way, the organism ensures that a person finds enough food needed to replenish lost energy, which is why it can be expected that a person may overeat at this stage. In this very complex survival mechanism, we can see that losing weight or maintaining body weight after a diet has nothing to do with willpower. However, many people who have experienced the yo-yo effect feel shame and guilt, viewing this as their own failure and trying another diet. These individuals are not to blame for this. It is very easy to enter a dietary cycle that is like a vicious circle in which dieting, overeating, and feelings of guilt alternate.

Research shows that the health condition of obese individuals can improve with a loss of 5-10 percent of body weight. This means that health parameters can improve even if an obese person does not lose as many kilograms as needed to statistically have a 'normal' body weight. This small change in weight loss can be achieved by gradually introducing a balanced diet and changing some habits, without going on a diet. Many obese individuals have tried various diets, and many say they tried their first diet when they had a 'normal' body weight. It is sad that their environment encourages them to 'just eat less and exercise more'. Due to the yo-yo effect, cyclical dieting can easily lead us to obesity. Diets do not work.

To reduce the number of obese individuals, key factors are prevention, an individual approach to obesity, and destigmatization. In an individual approach, it is very important to consider all possible factors that may have influenced the development of obesity. If a person suffers from insomnia, they need to address the insomnia as it can lead to increased intake of sweets and snacks. Individuals who eat more due to stress need to learn how to cope with stress. Those who suffer from emotional overeating need to introduce new habits alongside a psychological approach to dietary change and learn tools that will help them prevent further episodes of emotional overeating.

Individuals who do not have regular meals are more prone to overeating in the evening, and episodes of emotional overeating can be more intense. Therefore, in addition to all of the above, it is necessary to introduce a meal structure into the diet. This means that it is necessary to eat 5-6 times a day, or every 3-4 hours. This is achieved by consuming 3 main meals and 2-3 snacks daily. It is also necessary to include all food groups in the diet because avoiding certain types of food (e.g., sources of carbohydrates) can trigger overeating. Similarly, the intake of certain types of food can lead to overeating, which occurs when the relationship with food is disrupted.

It should also be considered that there are eating disorders (clinical and subclinical) that can lead to obesity. In such cases, it is necessary to seek professional help from a psychiatrist (if it is a clinical disorder), psychotherapist, and nutritionist who specialize in this problem.